cell organelles,mitochondria, golgi bodies

Cell

Cell is the structural and function unit of life organism

All organism are made from cells 

They are the structural unit of organism

Major components of cells

Cell contain three main things 

1)cell membrane

2)cytoplasm

3)nucleus

Cell organelles

Cytoplasm of cell contain organelles which are given as under.

1)mitochondria :-

Singular mitochondrion

Two Latin words :-

Mitochondria come from Latin words

"Mito" mean         "thread"

"Chondria" mean "granules"

Presence

They are found in eukaryotic cells .

Shape

Their shape various from spherical to highly elongated.

Length

They are typically 5 mm in length and 0.2 micrometer across.

Number of mitochondria

The number of varies depending upon the activity of cell e.g liver cell have more than 1000 mitochondria while ear lobe have small number.

Structure of mitochondria

Mitochondria are bounded by doubles membrane. The outer smooth membrane control the entry and exist of chemical.

They inner membrane form many folds called cristae.

The inner space filled with a fluid cell  matrix. The matrix contain DNA and a variety of enzyme

Diagram

Function :-

Mitochondria are the power house of the cell due to storage of ATP during cellular respiration.

Some protein synthesis also occurs within a cell.

It has ability to replicate their own DNA.

Semi autonomous body

Mitochondria are Also called semi autonomous body because it contain their own DNA and have an ability to replicate their own DNA

Synthesis of  some protein also occure in mitochondria

Golgi bodies

Naming

They were discovered by camillo golgi in 1898.,that's why he gave himself name to gogli bodies.

They are also know as golgi complex , golgi apparatus.

Dictysomes

Plant cells have large number of stacks known as dictyosomes.

Structure

Golgi bodies consist of cisternae Golgi vesicle (lysosome) and golgiam vacules.

Cisterae are the flattened sac like structure which stacked one above the other golgian vesicles are small droplets like structure. They develop from cisternae.

The golgian vacuoles are large spherical sacs which are formed by the expansion of the flattened sacs of cisternae.

Diagram

Function

They store  secretion, converts then into finished product's and packed then into golgian vesicles which transport Secretion outside the cell.

Nucleus , cytoplasm

Nucleus

nucleus is most important part of the cell.

nucleus control all the activities of the cell.

location:-

nucleus is present in the centre  in animal cell ,while in animal it lies in the side of cell because of presene of larhe central vacuole.

nuclear envolpe :-

nucleus is surrounded by double membrane called nuclear envolpe.

this membrane is porous too.

             A granular matrix called nucleoplasm is presentb within the nucleus which contain one or top nucleoli and chromosome.chromosome are more visisble in a dividing cell while they appear as a network of finr threads in the non dividing cell.

number of chromosome :-

the number of chromosome is always specific within a cell of a speceis.

e.g

human cell contain 46 chromosome

onion cell contain 16 chromosome

radish cell comtain 18 chromosome

       chromosome occure in pair in a dipload cell.chromosome is composed of protein and dna .Dna is hereditary material.

function:-

nucleus is called brain of the cell because it control all thr function if the cell.

necleus contain dna and dna is herditory materail.

process of replication occure within the cell

process of sysnthesis of messenger rna occure within the cell.

   (nucleus is present in eukaryotic cell while absent in prolaryotic cell)

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2)cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is present in between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane.

It is an aqueous substance which cotain a variety of cell organelles insoluble waste and fundamental biochemical of life .

It has two parts soluble and insoluble.

It also has a skeleton of very fine fibres.it has about 90% water and forms solution.

It acts as a store house of vital chemical.

It provide a site for various biochemical activities 

E.g glycolysis.

Cytoplasm contain various cell organelles such as mitochondria, golgi bodies ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, plastics etc organelles.

Cell wall

Cell wall

Definition

Cell wall is the outermost layer of plant cell which protect inner cell mass from external environment.

Presence

Cell wall is present in all bacteria, plants fungi and  some protests.

Absence

Cell wall is absent in animal cell.

Location

Cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane in plant cell.
Thickness of cell wall  varies  From cell to cell.

Primary wall

The outer layer of the plant cell wall is know  as secondary wall. It Is made of cellulose.

Secondary cell wall

Some plant cell also have secondary walls on the inner side of primary wall.
It contain cellulose, liginn,and other chemical's.

Composition of different organism cell wall

Prokaryotic 

cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan(murein).
Its is single large molecule made of amino acid and suger.

Fungi cell wall

The cell wall.of fungi made of chitin.

Protists

The cell wall of protists are made of a variety of chemicals.

Function

Its provide shape
Its function is protection the cell from external environment
Cell wall support the inner living matter of cell

cell membrane

cell membrane

introduction

cell membrane is also called plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane

definition :-

cell membrane is the selective permeable membrane so it controle the exchange of material between the cell and environment.

cell membrane separate the cell contents from their external environment.

location :-

cell membrane is the outer most layer of animal cell ,while in plant it lies next to cell wall.

        cell membrane is present in all types of cell including pro-karyotic and eukaryotic cells .

characters :-

it is thin , elastic and semi-permeable.

b) chemical composition :-

chemically cell membrane is composed from protein , lipids ,and carbohydrates.

they are present in various ratio.

1)protein :-

Protein is present in high concentration in plasma membrane.

protein made the cell membrane more semi permeable.there are two types of protein is present in cell membrane.

a)pheripheral protein :-

pheripheral protein are also called extrensic protein .They protein which are floating in lipid bilayer or not fully embedded protein are called pheripheral protein.they are present on surface maybe outside or maybe inside the plasma membrane.

b)integral protein :-

integral protein are also called intrensic protein.the fully embedded protein are called integral protein.its function is carrying of protein and enzymes.

2)lipids :-

cell membrane are actually composed of lipids .lipids are structural unit of cell membrane.the major classes of lipids are present in plasma membrane like phospholipid,sphangiolipid,glycolipid,and cholestrole.

phospholipid arranged in bilayer and make up the basic fabrics of plasma membrane they are hydrophobic  and hydrophilic.

3)carbohydrate :-

carbohydrate are present on the surface of plasma membrane maybe branched or unbranched .sometimes carbohydrate attach with lipid form gylcolipid and attach with protein form glycoprotein.

4)enzymes :-

about 30 different enzyme are present on the surface of plasma membrane.

enzyme of plasma membrane maybe ecto or endo.

chemical composition of RBC:-

 protein ------52%

lipids----------40%

carbohydrate-8%

Ameoba cell :-

protein --------------52%

lipids------------------40%

carbohydrates-----8%

c)models about structure of cell membrane :-

different models are presented about structure of cell membrane, which are given as under.

a)harvey and cole 1932

Harvey and cole in 1932 presented a model about the structure of cell membrane.

they reported the extension of the plasma membrane and suggested the protein in plasma membrane.

b)sandwich model :-

Danille and davijan in 1969 proposed a model about the structure of cell membrane .they gave name to this as sandwich model.

they said that the lipids arr sandwich between proteins they are covalent in nature.

c)fluid mosaic model :-

who presented -

singer and nicolson presented a model about the structure of cell membrane in 1972.

according of this model

                    "cell membrane is a lipid bilayer in which some protein are completly embedded (intrensic protein) while some protein are partailly embedded (extrensic protein).

the phospholipid bilayer form a fluid in which specific protein fload like ice berg.

the word mosaic refers to the many different kind of protein dispersed in the phospholipid.

each phopholipid molecule has a polar head that are located over the cell surface,which are hydrobhlic ( hydro-water , philic-mean loving) its mean head is atracted to water.

tail of both layer are hydrophobic (phobic mean water hating) theyare repelled by water.

carbohydarte are also prsent in cell membrane in the form og glycolipid and phospholipid.

        due to continously changing position of the sheet like structure it was named as fluid mosaic model .

it was the most acceptable model the structure of plasma membrane.

diagrame

cell membrane of egg (ovum)

some special cell posses impermiable plasma membrane like egg through which no molecule can pass only gasses pass through it.

function :-

give protection

cell membrane protect the inner cell content .

separate inner content 

seprate inner content of cell from external environement

give shape

give shape to the cell .

regulate matetial

regulate inflow and outflow of matrtial

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Cell,its types and cell theory

What is cell?

Definition :-

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organism.cell act as a building block of all organism.

Explanation

All organism are made from cell.cell is the building block of all organism.

Some organism are made from one cell while some are made from many cells.

Unicellular organism

Those organism which are made from only one cell are called unicellular organism

Multicellular organism

Those organism which are made from many cells are called multicellular organism.

2)cell theory

Two scientists 

Schwann and shleiden presented a theory about cell which are called cell theory.

Main points of  cell theory

They presented main points about cell theory which are give below

A)All animals and plant's are made up of cell and cell products. Some organism are unicellular and some are multicellular.

B) cell are the structural and functional unit of living organism.

C) new cell arise from the preexisting cell by cell division.

Maine cell components

Every cell have three main components

1)cell membrane(plant have cell wall too)

2) cytoplasm 

3)necleus

Cell membrane is the outer most layer of animal cell it protect inner cell material from external environment .in plant it lies next to cell wall .

        Cytoplasm is present in every types of cell .cytoplasm contain cell organelles. Exchange of materials on  cell also occurs by the way of cytoplasm

        Necleus is present in eukaryotic while absent in plant cell.necleus contain genetic materials like DNA .necleus control all the activities of the cell.

3)Types of cells 

There are two types of cells

1)prokaryotic cell

2)eukaryotic cell

a) prokaryotic cell

Prokaryotic CEll are simple and don't contain all the cell organelles like eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cell don't have nucleus and are smaller in size 0.5mm .

E.g bacteria and cyanobacteria

Prokaryotic cell components

Cell membrane ,cytoplasm and some other few organelles

b)eukaryotic cell

They are very complex and contain all the cell organelles .

Eukaryotic  cell have nucleus.

It is larger in size 10-100nm

Ribosomes are larger in size.

E.g protists fungi plant and animals.

Eukaryotic cell components are 

Cell membranes ,  cytoplasm ,nucleus , mitochondria , ribosomes, golgi body,endoplasmic reticulum,cell wall ,microtubules.

Structure of plant cell 

Its contain 

1)cell wall (2) cell membrane (3)golgi body (4)chloroplast (5)vacule membrane (5)raphid Crystal (6)druse crystal (7)mitochondria (8)cytoplasm (9) amyloplast (10) large central vacule (11)endoplasmic reticulum (12)nucleus (13) golgi vessles (14) ribosomes

Herr is diagram

Structure of animal cell

(1)golgi bodies (2) mitochondria 3 necleus 4 microtubules 5 cytoplasm 6 ribosomes 7 centrioles 8 cell membrane 9 endoplasmic reticulum 10 lysosome

They contain cell wall too while cell wall I'd absent in animal cell

Here is diagram

What is biology

Biology

Greek words

Biology is the combination of two Greek words

 Bio mean life

Logy mean study

Definition :-

The study of life is called biology

In biology we can study any thing related about life

Maybe its about humans, animals, and plants or even microorganisms.

Basic classification/types/branches

Biology is divided into few types

Some of them are given below

Zoology :-

Zoo mean animal

Logy mean study

Definition :-

The study about animals is called zoology

Botany 

The study about plant is called botany

Parasitology

The study of parasite life is called parasitology

Microbiology

Micro mean small

Logy mean study

The study about microorganism is called microbiology

(Microorganisms are those organism which we can not see in our naked eyes)

Cell biology or cytology

The branch of biology in which we study about cell and their organelles is called cell biology. Cell biology are also called cytology

The study who study cytology are called cytologist.

Virology

The study about virus is called virology

The scientist who study virology is called virologist.

(Note :- virus can not be consider as living organism as well as not consider as non living organisms 

Virus is on the border line between living and non living ).

Morphology

The branch of biology in which we study about the size and shape of an organism.

Entomology

The branch of biology in which we study about insect and their life.

Further books related yo biology but are not the branch of biology

The are given below

Ecology

The study of an organism and how they interact with their physical environment

Ecology are also called environmental biology.

Ethology

Etho mean habit

Logy mean study

The study about animal behavior under normal condition is called ethology